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1499.) In one of the ducks, however, namely Anas punctata, the bony enlargement is only a little more developed in the male than in the female. 651.) But the meaning of these differences in the trachea of the two sexes of the Anatidae is not understood; for the male is not download web browser free always the more vociferous; thus with the common duck, the download web browser free male hisses, whilst the female utters a loud quack. The spoonbill (Platalea) has its trachea convoluted into a figure of eight, download web browser free and yet this bird (Jerdon, 'Birds of India,' vol. Blyth informs me that the convolutions are not constantly present, so that download web browser free perhaps they are now tending towards abortion.) In both sexes of one of the cranes (Grus virgo) the trachea penetrates the sternum, but presents "certain sexual modifications." In the male of the black stork there is also a well-marked sexual difference in the length and curvature of the bronchi. With respect to the swan, as given above, Yarrell's 'History of British download web browser free Birds,' 2nd edition, 1845, vol. 193.) Highly important structures have, therefore, in these cases been modified according to sex. It is often difficult to conjecture whether the many strange cries and notes uttered by male birds during the breeding-season serve as a charm or merely as a call to the female. The soft cooing of the turtle-dove and of many pigeons, it may download web browser free be presumed, pleases the female. When the female of the download web browser free wild turkey utters her call in the morning, the male download web browser free answers by a note which differs from the gobbling noise made, when with erected feathers, rustling wings and distended wattles, he puffs and struts before her. Bonaparte, quoted in the 'Naturalist Library: Birds,' vol. 126.) The spel of the black-cock certainly serves as a call to the female, for it has been known to bring four or five females from a distance to download web browser free a male under confinement; but as the black-cock continues his spel for hours during successive days, and in the case of the capercailzie "with an agony of passion," we are led to suppose that the females which are present are thus charmed. 22, 81.) The voice of the common rook is known download web browser free to alter during the breeding-season, and is therefore in some way sexual. 20.) But what shall we say about the harsh screams of, for instance, some kinds of macaws; have these download web browser free birds as bad taste for musical sounds as they apparently have for colour, judging by the inharmonious contrast of their bright yellow and blue plumage? It is indeed possible that without any advantage being thus gained, the loud voices of many male birds may be the result of the inherited effects of the continued use of their vocal organs when excited by the strong passions of love, jealousy and rage; but to this download web browser free point we shall recur when we treat of quadrupeds. We download web browser free have as yet spoken only of the voice, but the males of various birds practise, during their courtship, what may be called instrumental music. Peacocks and Birds of Paradise rattle their quills download web browser free together. Turkey-cocks scrape their wings against the ground, sharepod download and some download web browser free kinds of grouse thus produce a buzzing sound.

Another North American grouse, the Tetrao umbellus, when with his tail erect, his ruffs displayed, "he shows off his finery to the females, who lie hid in the neighbourhood," drums by rapidly striking his wings together above his back, according to Mr.

Haymond, and not, as Audubon thought, by striking them against his sides. The sound thus produced is compared by some to distant thunder, and by others to the quick roll of a drum. The female never drums, "but flies directly to the place where the male is thus engaged." The male of the Kalij-pheasant, in the Himalayas, often makes a singular drumming noise with his download web browser free wings, not unlike the sound produced by shaking a stiff piece of cloth." On the west coast of Africa the download web browser free little black-weavers (Ploceus?) congregate in a small party on the bushes download web browser free round a small open space, and sing and glide through the air with quivering wings, "which make a rapid whirring sound download web browser free like a child's rattle." One bird after another thus performs for hours together, but only during the courting-season. At this season, and at no other time, the males of certain night-jars (Caprimulgus) make a strange booming noise with their wings. The various species of woodpeckers strike a sonorous branch with their beaks, with so activex download rapid a vibratory movement that "the head appears to be in two places at once." The sound thus produced is audible at a considerable distance but cannot be described; and I feel sure that its source would never be conjectured by any one hearing it for the first time. As this jarring sound is made chiefly during the breeding-season, it has been considered as a love-song; but it is perhaps more strictly a love- call. The female, when driven from her nest, has been observed thus to call her mate, who answered in the same manner and soon appeared. Lastly, the male hoopoe (Upupa epops) browser free downloads combines vocal and instrumental music; for during the breeding-season this bird, as Mr. Swinhoe observed, first draws download web browser free in air, and then taps the end of its beak perpendicularly down against a stone or the trunk of a tree, "when the breath being forced down dj mixer download the tubular bill produces the correct sound." If the beak is not thus struck download web browser free against some object, the sound is quite different. Air is at the same time swallowed, and the oesophagus thus becomes much swollen; and this probably acts as a resonator, not only download web browser free with the hoopoe, but with pigeons and other birds. For the foregoing facts see, on Birds of Paradise, Brehm, 'Thierleben,' Band iii.

On the Kalij-pheasant, Jerdon, 'Birds of India,' vol. On the Weavers, download google map Livingstone's 'Expedition to the Zambesi,' 1865, p. The counter strike download English Night-jar likewise makes in the spring a curious noise download web browser free during its rapid flight.) [Fig. Outer tail-feather of Scolopax gallinago (from 'Proc. Outer tail-feather of Scolopax javensis.] In the foregoing cases sounds are made by the aid of structures already present download web browser free and otherwise necessary; but download soft games in the following cases certain feathers download web browser free have been specially modified for the express purpose of producing sounds.